A Fundamental Understanding of Erosion-Corrosion of Hydrotransport Pipes in Oil Sands Slurry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Erosion-corrosion (E-C) of X-65 pipe steel was investigated in a simulated oil sand slurry through an impingement jet system. Measurements of weight-loss and potentiodynamic polarization curves combined with optical microscopy observation were performed to determine the synergism of corrosion and erosion in E-C of steel. It was found that passivity of the steel developed in static oil-water emulsion cannot be maintained in the flowing fluid due to the enhanced activity of the steel upon impingement of the emulsion/slurry. The effect of slurry impact angle on E-C of steel is complex, depending on the magnitude and synergism of shear stress and normal stress exerting on the electrode surface. There is a synergism of corrosion and erosion in E-C of steel. The contributions of corrosion and erosion to E-C rate of the steel in oil sand slurry rank approximately 30% and 70%, respectively. Erosion dominates the E-C of X-65 steel in oil sand slurry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".