Behavior of branch-rotated T joints with cold-formed square hollow sections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental investigation of branch-rotated T joints was carried out in which the branch was rotated by 45° with respect to its longitudinal axis. The main experimental parameters were the ratio of the width of the branch to the width of the chord, β′, with 0.38 ≤ β′ ≤ 1.00, and the ratio of the width of the chord to the thickness of the chord, 2γ, with 16.7 ≤ 2γ ≤ 33.3. Experimental results from 27 specimens showed that the ultimate strength increases and the failure mode changes under compression loading due to the rotated branch. The failure modes were out-of-plane bending yielding of the upper flange of the chord for β′ ≤ 0.85 and buckling of the chord web for 0.85 < β′ ≤ 1.00. Theoretical analysis was then carried out to compute the ultimate strength using a yield-line model for β′ ≤ 0.85 and web buckling model for β′ = 1.00. Linear interpolation was used for 0.85 < β′ < 1.00. Design formulas are presented for estimating the strength of T joints with a rotated branch.Key words: hollow structural section, truss T joint connections, yield-line instability, chord web instability, design equations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".