Reversible photocyclization of achiral dithienylperfluorocyclopentene dopants in a ferroelectric liquid crystal: bistable SSFLC photoswitching
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spontaneous polarization (PS) of a ferroelectric liquid crystal is modulated reversibly by photocyclization (λ = 313 nm) of dithienyl- and dibenzothienylperfluorocyclopentene dopants with relatively high aspect ratios. Photocyclization of these dopants causes a decrease of PS due to a photomechanical effect which may originate from a loss of conformational flexibility of the dopant upon photocyclization. The degree of PS photomodulation increases with dopant concentration up to the solubility limit of 3 mol%. The maximum polarization photomodulation, ΔPS = 16.2 nC cm−2, is achieved at 6 K below the Curie point with the dopant 1,2-bis(5-(4-heptyloxyphenyl)-2-methylthien-3-yl)perfluorocyclopentene (3c, 3 mol%). The resulting PS photoswitch is fatigue resistant and photochemically bistable. Polarized spectroscopy experiments suggest that the dopants form homogeneous solutions with the FLC host and are integrated within the layer structure of the SmC* phase, with their molecular long axes approximately coincident with the director. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a bistable ferroelectric liquid crystal photoswitch to be reported in the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".