Growth factors from bovine milk and colostrum: composition, extraction and biological activities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
EGF, BTC, IGF-I, IGF-II, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, FGF1 and 2, and PDGF are the main growth factors present in bovine milk and colostrum.All of these growth factors are also found in human milk but at a lower concentration.The various compositional data reported in the literature vary greatly but it is evidenced that the day of lactation has the most important effect.Milk growth factors are characterized by a neutral to alkaline isoelectric point (pI) and a molecular mass between 6400 g•mol -1 and 30000 g•mol -1 .However, many of the growth factors are in a latent form, bound to high-molecular-mass proteins.Milk growth factors are resistant generally to pasteurization but disulfide reducing agents have been found to inactivate some species such as TGF-β's.The published data on bioavailability of milk growth factors are somewhat contradictory but it is generally accepted that they are resistant to gastric digestion and they can exert local and systemic effects on the gastrointestinal tract.Cation-exchange chromatography has been widely used for the extraction of milk growth factors because of the basic nature of these molecules.Membrane separations such as microfiltration (MF) have also been used successfully for the extraction of immunoglobulins and of some growth factors from colostrum, while ultrafiltration (UF) was successful only at separating IGF-I and IGF-II in whey.Milk growth factor extracts have been developed for various applications such as treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and skin diseases, wound healing, and induction of oral tolerance. growth factors / colostrum / milk / whey / extraction process / biological activity
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".