Unusual Secondary Ca‐Mg‐Carbonate‐Kerolite Deposits in Basaltic Caves, Kauai, Hawaii
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aragonite, calcite, monohydrocalcite, dolomite, magnesite, hydromagnesite, and talc‐like kerolite have been identified in speleothems from basaltic caves on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. These secondary minerals have crystallized in the presence of freshwater seeping from the basaltic host rock, and the mineralization process is ongoing at some locations. The deposits are extremely variable in macroscopic character, ranging from millimeter‐thin, powdery coatings to hard crusts several centimeters thick. Many deposits are associated with actively forming microbial mats, and stromatolitic structures are common in the thicker deposits. Formation of the mineral deposits is a result of a combination of direct precipitation from solution by evaporation and CO2 degassing, alteration of precursor minerals, and (or) microbial processes and physicochemical conditions within the mats. These unusual deposits provide important insights into the mineralogy and geochemistry of low‐temperature alteration and carbonation of terrestrial basalts and the potential role of microbes in such processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".