Enzyme activities and morphology of Japanese brown frog (<i>Rana japonica</i>) mitochondria in the tibialis anterior muscle during hibernation and active life
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Enzyme activities in the respiratory chain, as well as the structure and numbers of mitochondria of the tibialis anterior muscle, during hibernation were compared with those of normally active muscle in the Japanese brown frog (Rana japonica). Morphological examination using an electron microscope showed that during hibernation, mitochondria were larger and longer and had clearly distinguishable outer and inner membranes with developed cristae. A significantly greater number of glycogen granules was found in the tibialis anterior muscle of hibernating frogs. The average cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fiber was much smaller in the samples from hibernating frogs than those from active frogs. The numbers of mitochondria per CSA were also much higher during hibernation than during active life. Measurements of the enzyme activities of succinate dehydrogenase, NADH-ferricyanide reductase, and succinate-O 2 and NADH-O 2 oxidoreductases showed different profiles between hibernation and active life. That is, all four activities were significantly higher during hibernation than during active life. Taken together, the results obtained suggest that the seasonal variations in the activities of respiratory-chain systems may be related to the seasonal morphological changes in muscle mitochondria in R. japonica.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".