Radial Distributions of Phase Holdups and Phase Propagation Velocities in a Three-Phase Gas−Liquid−Solid Fluidized Bed (GLSCFB) Riser
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and fiber optic were applied to investigate phase holdups and phase propagation velocities in a gas−liquid−solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB). Since ERT is applicable only to conductive phase(s), e.g. the liquid phase in this study, a fiber optic probe was employed simultaneously to quantify all three phases. Saline water was used as the conductive and continuous phase. Glass beads and lava rocks constitute the solid phase and air as the gas phase. Glass beads were transparent and spherical in shape; however, lava rock particles were irregular in shape and opaque, which affected the signals obtained from the optical fiber probe. An empirical model was developed to measure the gas holdup using optical fiber probe data. Gas holdup was higher in the central region and decreased radially, while opposite trend was observed with solid holdup due to the drag forces imposed on solid particles by the gas and liquid flow in the riser. By applying cross-correlation between the data obtained at two different levels in the riser, nonconductive phase propagation velocity was obtained. The propagation velocity was higher in the central region compared to the wall region and increased with increasing liquid superficial velocity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".