Selective Water Uptake in Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Kidney Stones
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Here we report the amount and location of fluid water absorbed by calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) kidney stones evaluated using controlled humidity and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). COM stones subjected to rehydration in a controlled humidity chamber for 16 h at 37 °C absorb approximately 3 wt % water, most of which resides only in thin outer shells of the stones and not within their cores. Although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that there are differences in texture between the inner surface of the water-absorbing shell and the outer surface of the nonabsorbing core, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy does not reveal any differences in elemental composition between the two surfaces, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) of powered samples shows them to be similar in crystalline nature. The fact that COM stones do not absorb a significant amount of fluid water beyond their thin outer coatings, which have a different (albeit unidentified) interfacial material separating them from the bulk of the stones, may be the reason for the differences in sensitivity to common medical treatment options such as shock wave lithotripsy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".