Image denoising in wavelet domain using the vector-based hidden Markov model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Denoising problems can be regarded as that of a prior probability modeling in an estimation task. The performance of the estimator is intimately related on the correctness of the model. This paper proposes a new wavelet-domain image denoising method using the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator. The vector-based hidden Markov model (HMM) is used as the prior for modeling the wavelet coefficients of an image. This model is an effective statistical model for the wavelet coefficients, since it is capable of capturing both the subband marginal distribution and the inter-scale, intra-scale and cross-orientation dependencies of the wavelet coefficients. Using this prior, a Weiner filter, which is derived using a MMSE estimator, is developed for estimating the denoised coefficients. Experiments are conducted on standard images to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Simulation results are provided to show that the proposed denoising method can effectively reduce the noise in yielding higher values for the peak signal-to-noise ratio along with better visual quality than that provided by some of the other existing methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".