Effect of the Surfactant Concentration on the Rise of Gas Bubbles in Power-Law Non-Newtonian Liquids
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of the surfactant concentration on the terminal velocity, shape, and drag coefficient of freely rising bubbles in a non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic liquid was studied. It is known that surfactants affect the bubble terminal velocity by changing both the shape and surface mobility of the bubble. In this work we studied separately the effect of surfactants on the shape and surface mobility by using the recently obtained drag curves for freely rising bubbles with and without surface mobility. It was shown that, within the range of surfactant concentrations studied, the latter had no effect on the bubble shape. However, the effect on the bubble surface mobility was significant. It was shown that the transition from a bubble with an immobile surface to a bubble with a mobile one is a function of the surfactant concentration, terminal Reynolds number, and rheological properties of liquid. The values of these parameters at which transition occurs were determined.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it