The U.S.-Led Proliferation Security Initiative and UNCLOS: Legality, Implementation, and an Assessment

Abstract This article examines the relationship between the U.S.-led Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It attempts to answer the questions of whether the PSI is legal or illegal under UNCLOS and whether U.S. accession to UNCLOS would enhance or create difficulties for the implementation of the PSI. The author concludes that U.S. accession to the Convention would not affect adversely the implementation and effectiveness of the PSI. On the contrary, accession to UNCLOS could help increase U.S. credibility and leadership in dealing with the threat to international peace and security posed by weapons of mass destruction proliferation. It also suggests that all the relevant information needs to be gathered and examined carefully in order to answer the question of whether a PSI interdiction action is legal under UNCLOS or not. Keywords: Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)United Statesweapons of mass destruction (WMD) This article was originally presented at the International Workshop on the United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, held at Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica, Teipei, Taiwan on December 2, 2005. It was further updated. Notes ∗Core members 1. See U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Nonproliferation, "Proliferation Security Initiative Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), Fact Sheet," May 26, 2005, available at www.state/gov/t/np/rls/fs/46839.htm; and see also U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Nonproliferation, "Fact Sheet, The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)," May 26, 2005, available at www.state/gov/t/np/ris/fs/46858.htm. 2. They were Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. See Sharon Squassoni, "Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)," CRS Report for Congress, RS21881, June 7, 2005. 3. Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Singapore, and Turkey. Ibid. 4. See White House, "President's Statement on Proliferation Security Initiative," June 23, 2006, available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060623.html. 5. Ibid.; Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, "Remarks on Second Anniversary of the Proliferation Security Initiative," May 31, 2005, available at www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/46951.htm; Stephen G. Rademaker, Assistant Secretary for Arms Control, "The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI): A Record of Success," Testimony before the House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on International Terrorism and Nonproliferation, June 9, 2005, available at www.state/gov/t/ac/rls/rm/47715.htm, and "Conference in Warsaw Addresses Efforts to Stop Spread of WMDs," The Canadian Press, June 23, 2006 (LexisNexis News on-line search, page number not available). 6. Squassoni, supra note 2, at 2–3. 7. Joseph Cirincione and Joshua Williams, "Putting PSI into Perspective," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Proliferation Analysis, available at www.carnegieendowment.org/npp/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=16827. 8. Ibid. 9. Secretary Rice pointed to 11 examples of successful efforts conducted by the United States and the 10 PSI partners. See Rice, supra note 5. 10. Alexander Pojedinec, "Proliferation Security Initiative: Two Years and Counting," Center for Defense Information, July 28, 2005, available at www.cdi.org/. See also Hans Blix's Keynote Speech at the 2006 Arms Control Association, Federal News Service, Jan. 26, 2006 (LexisNexis News on-line search, page number not available). 11. Wade Boese, "False Claims of PSI Success," The Washington Times, Aug. 17, 2005, at A16. 12. For the text, see 1833 U.N.T.S. 397. 13. Remarks by Tommy T. b. Koh, president of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, on Dec. 6 and 11, 1982, at the final session of the Conference at Montego Bay, Jamaica, available on the Web site of Oceans and Law of the Sea: Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea, United Nations, at www.un.org/Depts/los/Convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm. 14. See the Web site of the Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea, supra note 13. 15. See, for example, Peter Leitner, "Statement," in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Hearing Before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, 108th Cong., 2d sess., Mar. 23, 2004, at 93–94; and Frank Gaffney, "Statement," in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Hearing Before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, 108th Cong., 2d sess., May 12, 2004, available at commdocs.house.gov/committees /intlrel/hfa93660.000/hfa93660_0.htm. See below infra notes 145–146. 16. See Wade Boese, "Law of the Sea Convention Marooned in Senate," Arms Control Today, May 2004, available at www.armscontrol.org/act/2004_05/PSI.asp. 17. Hearings on UNCLOS were held by: the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (Oct. 14 and 21, 2003), the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works (Mar. 23, 2004), the Senate Armed Services Committee (Apr. 8, 2004), the House Committee on International Relations (May 12, 2004), and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (June 8, 2004). 18. For "Questions from Senator Richard G. Lugar, Nomination hearing for Dr. Condoleezza Rice, January 18 and 19, 2005, in relation to the Law of the Sea and the Bush Administration's ratification efforts," see "Background for the GAO Study of UNCLOS," Attachment 4, available on the Web site of Center for Leadership in Global Diplomacy at www.clgd.org/. 19. The Nomination of John R. Bolton to be U.S. Representative to the United Nations with rank of Ambassador and U.S. Representative to the United Nations Security Council and U.S. Representative to Sessions on the United Nations General Assembly during the Tenure of Service as U.S. Representative to the United Nations, Senate, 109th Cong., 1st sess., Exec. Rept. 109–01, May 18, 2005. 20. White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 2002), available at www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf. 21. "President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point, June 1, 2002," available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/print/20020601-3.html. 22. The National Security Strategy, supra note 20, at 14. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid. 25. White House, National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Dec. 2002), available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/12/WMDStrategy.pdf. 26. Ibid., at 2. 27. See Larry A. Niksch, "North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Program," CRS Issue Brief for Congress, updated Aug. 31, 2005; Daryl G. Kimball, "Getting Serious about North Korea," Arms Control Today, Dec. 2005; Paul Kerr, "North Korea Nuclear Talks Stall," Arms Control Today, Dec. 2005; and Frederic L. Kirgis, "North Korea's Missile Firings," ASIL Insight, vol. 10, no. 18, July 24, 2006. 28. For a detailed account of the So San incident, see Daniel H. Joyner, "The Proliferation Security Initiative: Nonproliferation, Counterproliferation and International Law," 30 Yale Journal of International Law 507 (2005), at 507–508. See text accompanying infra note 132. 29. "Remarks of the President to the People of Poland, Wawel Royal Castle, Krakow, Poland, May 31, 2003," available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/05/20030531-3.html. 30. See White House Press Release, "Iran's Nuclear Program Concerns Bush Administration, June 18, 2003," cited in Jennifer K. Elsea, "Weapons of Mass Destruction Counterproliferation: Legal Issues for Ships and Aircraft," CRS Report for Congress, Oct. 1, 2003, at 2. 31. "Fact Sheet: The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)," May 26, 2005, supra note 1. 32. Ibid. 33. "Statement of the President of the UN Security Council," 3046th meeting, U.N. Doc. S/23500 (1992), available at projects.sipri.se/cbw/docs/cbw-unsc23500.html. 34. U.N. Security Council Resolution 1540, adopted Apr. 28, 2004, available at daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N04/328/43/PDF/N0432843.pdf?OpenElement. 35. "Fact Sheet, The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)," May 26, 2005, supra note 1. 36. For instance, see Rademaker, supra note 5 and John R. Bolton, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, "The Bush Administration's Nonproliferation Policy: Successes and Future Challenge," Testimony before the House International Relations Committee, Mar. 30, 2004, available at wwwc.house.gov/international_relations/108/bolt033004.htm. 37. Canada, Department of Foreign Affairs, "Backgrounder: The Proliferation Security Initiative," June 15, 2004, available at www.forces.gc.ca/site/Newsroom/view_news_e.asp?id=1329. 38. Ibid. 39. See Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, "The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) Maritime Interdiction Exercise 'Team Samurai 04,' (Overview and Evaluation)," Oct. 28, 2004, available at mofa.go.jp/policy/un/disarmament/arms/psi/overview0410.html. 40. Singapore, Ministry of Defense, "Singapore's Participation in the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)," Jan. 11, 2004, available at www.mindef.gov.sg/display.asp?number=1980. 41. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Information and Press Department, press release, "On Russia's Participation in Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)," no. 1224-31-05-2004, unofficial translation from Russian, June 1, 2004, available at www.ln.mid.ru/bl.nsf/0/2e1470910be746b6c3256ea600359aef?OpenDocument. 42. "Proliferation Security Initiative Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), Fact Sheet," May 26, 2005, supra note 1. 43. "Fact Sheet, The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)," May 26, 2005, supra note 1. 44. Ibid. 45. See John R. Bolton, under secretary for arms control and international security, "Stopping the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Asian-Pacific Region: The Role of the Proliferation Security Initiative," speech delivered at the Tokyo American Center, Tokyo, Japan, Oct. 27, 2004, available at www.state.gov/t/us/rm/37480.htm. 46. "President Announces New Measures to Counter the Threat of WMD, Remarks by President Bush on Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation," Fort Lesley J. McNair, National Defense University, Feb. 11, 2004, available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/02/20040211-4.html. 47. Statement of Interdiction Principles, supra note 35. 48. "President Announces New Measures," supra note 46. 49. Wade Boese and Miles Pomper, "The New Proliferation Security Initiative—An interview with John Bolton," Arms Control Today, Nov. 4, 2003, available at www.armscontrol.org/aca/midmonth/November/Bolton.asp. 50. U.S. Department of State, "The United States and Belize Proliferation Security Initiative Ship Boarding Agreement," Aug., 4, 2005, available at www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2005/50787.htm. 51. Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Liberia Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Their Delivery Systems, and Related Materials by Sea, signed Feb. 11, 2004, provisionally applied from February 11, 2004, and entered into force December 9, 2004. The text of the Agreement is available at www.state.gov/t/np/trty/32403.htm. 52. Amendment to the Supplementary Arrangement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Panama to the Arrangement Between the Government of the United States and the Government of Panama for Support and Assistance from the United States Coast Guard for the National Maritime Service of the Ministry of Government and Justice, signed May 12, 2004, provisionally applied from May 12, 2004, and entered into force December 1, 2004. The text of the February 2002 U.S.-Panama Supplementary Arrangement on U.S. Coast Guard Assistance is available at www.state.gov/t/np/trty/32858.htm. 53. Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Their Delivery Systems, and Related Materials by Sea, signed August 13, 2004, provisionally applied from Aug. 13, 2004, and entered into force Novmber 24, 2004. The text of the Agreement is available at www.state.gov/t/np/trty/32858.htm. 54. Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Croatia Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Their Delivery Systems, and Related Materials by Sea, signed June 1, 2005 and will enter into force on the date of receipt of the last written notification through diplomatic channel by which the Parties inform each other that the necessary internal procedures of each Party for its entry into force have been completed. The text of the Agreement is available at www.state.gov/t/np/trty/47086.htm. 55. Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Their Delivery Systems, and Related Materials by Sea, signed July 25, 2005 and will enter into force upon an exchange of notes indicating that the internal procedures of each party necessary for its entry into force have been completed. The text of the Agreement is available at www.state.gov/t/np/trty/50274.thm. 56. Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Belize Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Their Delivery Systems, and Related Materials by Sea, signed August 4, 2005 and will enter into force upon an exchange of notes indicating that the internal procedures of each party necessary for its entry into force have been completed. The text of the Agreement is available at www.state.gov/t/np/trty/50809.htm. 57. Bolton, supra note 45. 58. Statement of Interdiction Principles, supra note 35. 59. "On Russia's Participation in Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)," supra note 41. 60. See White House, "President's Statement on the Proliferation Security Initiative," May 31, 2005, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050531-1.html. 61. See U.S. Department of State, "Remarks on the Second Anniversary of the Proliferation Security Initiative," May 31, 2005, available at: http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/46951.htm. 62. See the Chairman's Statement of the Meeting, available at www.psi.msz.gov.pl. 63. "Fact Sheet, The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)," May 26, 2005, supra note 1. 64. Statement of Interdiction Principles, supra note 35. 65. Ibid., para. 1–4. 66. Ibid., para. 4(d). 67. Bolton, supra note 45. 68. "North Korea Radio Commentary Decries US for 'Blockade' Manoeuvres," BBC Monitoring International Reports, June 19, 2003. 69. Ibid. 70. See Robert T. Grey Jr., "North Korea Up in Arms; UN Resolutions Could Help Matters," The Washington Times, Aug. 14, 2003, at A19. 71. See text accompanying infra notes 135–136. 72. "N Korea Condemns Taiwan's Cargo Seizure as US-Led 'Criminal Act,"' Agence France Presse, Aug. 21, 2003; and "North Korea Criticized Taiwan, US over Search of Ship, seizure of Cargo," BBC Monitoring International Reports, Aug. 21, 2003. 73. Ibid. 74. "North Korea Denies US Claim over 'Import of Chemical, Nuclear Substances,"' BBC Monitoring International Reports, June 13, 2005. 75. "North Korean TV Denounces South over Participation in US Joint Training," BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific—Political, Feb. 19, 2006 (LexisNexis News on-line search, page number not available). 76. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 21 U.S.T. 483 (1970). 77. See Michael Richardson, "Between a Rogue and a Hyperpower," South China Morning Post, Dec. 12, 2003, at. 17. 78. Ibid. 79. See Mark Huband and James Kynge, "US Calls on China to Help curb Spread of Nuclear Arms," Financial Times (London), Feb. 17, 2004, at. 10. 80. "Beijing Silent on Alleged Chinese Nuclear Weapons Designs Found in Libya," Agence France Presse, Feb. 17, 2004 (LexisNexis News on-line search, page number not available). 81. See "China-Military," China Business News On-line, Sept. 2, 2005; "China Won't Sign on to PSI," UPI, Sept. 2, 2005; and "Proliferation Security Initiative May Violate Intl Law—China," News Bulletin, Sept. 1, 2005. 82. See Vladimir Radyuhin, "Pakistan Must Plug N-Leaks," The Hindu, Jan. 31, 2004. (LexisNexis News on-line search, page number not available). 83. "US Fails to Get Russia on Board in Fight Against Spread of WMD," Agence France Presse, Jan. 30, 2004 (LexisNexis News on-line search, page number not available). 84. See "Converting Threat into Cooperation," The Moscow Times, Apr. 9, 2004; Maria Pshenichnikova, "Russia, US Continue Contact on Bush-Proposed PSI," TASS, Apr. 10, 2004; and "Top Russian diplomat urges tighter controls over WMD-related materials," BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union—Political, April 10, 2004 (Text of report by ITAR-TASS news agency, Moscow, in Russian, April 10, 2004). 85. "On Russia's Participation in Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)," supra note 41. 86. Ibid. 87. The Sino-Russian Statement on New World Order is available at www.chinanews.cn/news/2004/2005-07-02/7048.shtml. Also, see "China, Russia, and the Shanghai Agenda," The Hindu, July 4, 2005. 88. The Convention is not in force. For the text and summary of International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (New York, April 13, 2005), visit United Nations Treaty Collection: Convention on Terrorism, available at: http://untrety.un.org/English/Terrorism.asp 89. For details see "The Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism," Fact Sheet, Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, July 15, 2006, available at www.state.gov/t/isn/rls/fs/69062.htm. 90. "Indo-US Proliferation Talks Soon," The Times of India, Mar. 30, 2004. 91. "Indo-US Proliferation Talks Soon," The Times of India, Mar. 30, 2004. 92. Daily Press Summary for April 14, 2004, Global News Wire, Apr. 13, 2004. 93. Achin Vanaik, an independent security analyst and political science professor at Delhi University, cited in Praful Bidwai, "Asia: Dropping Non-Alignment, India and U.S. Tighten Military Tie," Inter Press Services, July 4, 2005. 94. "New Framework for the U.S.-India Defense Relationship," June 28, 2005, available at www.indianembassy.org/press_release/2005/June/31.htm. 95. "Joint Statement Between President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh," July 18, 2005, available at www.state.gov/p/sa/rls/pr/2005/49763.htm. 96. Robert G. Joseph, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, Sept. 5, 2005, "Statement," House Committee on International Relations, Hearing on the U.S. and India: An Emerging Entente? available at wwwc.house.gov/international_relations/109/Jos090805.pdf. 97. Ibid. 98. HR 5682, United States and India Nuclear Cooperation Promotion Act of 2006 (Reported in the House), available at www.thomas.gov. 99. See S3709, An original bill to exempt from certain requirements of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 United States exports of nuclear materials, equipment, and technology to India, and to implement the United States Additional Protocol, Title I: the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation, SEC. 103. DECLARATION OF POLICY CONCERNING UNITED STATES-INDIA PEACEFUL ATOMIC ENERGY COOPERATION, available at www.thomas.gov. 100. Questions from Senator Lugar, supra note 18. 101. Bolton, supra note 19. 102. "Proliferation Security Initiative Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), Fact Sheet," supra note 1. Respecting U.N. Security Council Resolution 1540, see supra note 34. 103. Benjamin Friedman, "The Proliferation Security Initiative: The Legal Challenge," A Policy Brief written for the Bipartisan Security Group, Sept. 4, 2003, at 8. 104. Devon Chaffee, "Freedom or Force on the High Seas? Arms Interdiction and International Law," Waging Peace, Web site of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, Aug. 15, 2003, available at www.wagingpeace.org/articles/03.08/0815chaffee_freedom-or-force.htm. The article also appears in Science for Democratic Action, vol. 12, no. 3, June 2004, at 1–10. 105. See Daniel Joyner, "The Proliferation Security Initiative: Nonproliferation, Counterproliferation & International Law," Yale Journal of International Law, vol. 30, 2005, at 507; Michael Byers, "Policing the High Seas: The Proliferation Security Initiative,"American Journal of International Law, vol. 98, 2004, at 526–545; Andreas Persbo and Ian Davis, "Sailing Into Uncharter Waters? The Proliferation Security Initiative and the Law of the Sea," Basic Research Report, the British American Security Information Council, June 2004, available at www.basicint.org/pubs/Research/04PSI.htm; Christer Ahlstrom, "The Proliferation Security Initiative: International Law Aspects of the Statement of Interdiction Principles," in Non-Proliferation, Arms Control, Disarmament, 2004, Chap. 18, at 741–767; Jack I. Garvey, "The International Institutional Imperative for Countering the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Proliferation Security Initiative," Journal of Conflict & Security Law (2005), vol. 10, at 125–147; Erin E. Harbaugh, "The Proliferation Security Initiative: Counterproliferation at the Crossroads," Strategic Insights, vol. III, no. 7 (July 2004); Soo-ha Yang, "Legal Basis for State Interception of Shipments on High Seas: Legality of the Naval Interdiction under the 'Proliferation Security Initiative,"' Oct. 1. 2003, Brooklyn Law available at Michael A. "The Public Order of the of and the Interdiction of Ships at Sea," International Law vol. 2005, at Mark J. Interdiction Could Aug. 28, 2003, at Mark J. for Sea Washington to Foreign The Washington Times, Aug. 25, 2003, at and E. "The Proliferation Security Initiative: the Legal Challenge," Journal of Law and vol. 14, 2005, at See the Web site of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, supra note 13. U.N.T.S. U.N.T.S. 11. See Michael A. "The Public Order of the of and the Interdiction of Ships at Sea," International Law vol. 2005, at Ian "The of Search and Seizure of Foreign on the High to International A Defense of the Proliferation Security Initiative," and and Michael R. on the New Law of the Sea: of International Law and the American Journal of International Law, vol. at "Weapons of Mass Destruction and International Law," ASIL Insights, Feb. 2003, available at U.S. Title and National Chap. weapons of mass U.N. Security Council Resolution 1540, supra note 34. Ibid. of the U.N. that "The of the United Nations to and the of the Security Council in with the U.N. Security Council Resolution 1540, supra note para. 10. Under para. 4, a Committee of the Security Council, as the Committee, was with a that in April 2006. States of the United Nations were to 6 from the of the Resolution April 28, to the Committee on the have or to to implement the On April 17, 2006, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution which the of the Committee for a further April 27, for in January entered into force on April The text is available at of 2005, were the United Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, supra note 72. of September 2005, were to for on April 10, entered into force 26, The text is available at of September 2005, were to the Statement of Interdiction Principles, supra note para. 4(d). supra note 12, 56. Ibid., para. 2. Ibid., para. 5, 6. U.N. Security Council Resolution 1540, supra note 34. supra note 12, 87. See supra notes supra note 12, para. 1. U.S.-Panama supra note 52. Ministry Statement on Public from BBC Summary of World Sept. For detailed on the incident, see "On Legal for the at "The and International On of and State and Law no. 3, at and "The and International no. 3, at of North Korean Ship BBC Summary of World July 10, Ship Missile to July 10, and Missile July 5, See over North Korea Cargo," Sept. Sea Feb. 28, 132. See in Korea Financial Times, Dec. 12, at. Peter James and Mark "US Cargo Ship Found with Financial Times, Dec. 12, at. Today, Dec. 12, and "North Korean Ship with International Dec. 12, at. 1, 4. See Seizure that Rogue State on the Jan. 15, 2004; to The Jan. 2, 2004; May in The Washington Post, Jan. 1, 2004; and News Jan. 1, available at "False Claims of PSI Success," The Washington Times, Aug. 17, 2005, at A16. See "US Taiwan for Seizure of North Korean BBC Monitoring International Report, Aug. 13, 2003; James from North Korean The New Times, Aug. 12, 2003, at. and Cargo from Korean Aug. 13, 2003. See "N Korea Condemns Taiwan's Cargo Seizure as US-Led Act,"' Agence France Presse, Aug. 21, 2003; and "North Korea Criticized Taiwan, US over Search of Ship, Seizure of Cargo," BBC Monitoring International Reports, Aug. 21, 2003. of Global BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific—Political, Nov. 18, 2004 (LexisNexis search, page number not available). See Intelligence July 4, 2003; and Ship the Daily Dec. 1. July 2003, no. available at BBC Monitoring International Reports, Dec. 26, 2003. Minister George that of and on the a and that would legal a that is the for a an also that would have the to in a and the of a from the supra note on Ship News June 25, 2003. See Boese, supra note 16. See Treaty Morning Jan. 27, 2005, available at Leitner, supra note 15. See Frank J. to Additional Questions from Senator in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, 108th sess., Mar. 23, 2004

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.