Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study of the performance of an Avalanche Photodiode (APD) at low bias using time-domain modeling has been conducted. Three important considerations in this range of bias voltages are: the emission of holes from the interface-trap at the valence-band discontinuity; the diffusion of photogenerated holes from the undepleted region of the absorption layer; and the velocity of carriers at low electric fields. A new recurrence relation has been obtained for the emission of holes from the valance-band trap. The time-delays due to the diffusion of holes photogenerated in the undepleted region of the absorption layer has been taken into account in computing the impulse response of the APD in time-domain. The effect of velocity of the carriers at low- bias has been considered by using a field-dependent formulation for velocity. The frequency response of the device has been obtained by using the fast Fourier Transform of the impulse response in time-domain. The result on the gain-bias and bandwidth-gain characteristics show good agreement with the published experimental data on InP/InGaAs APDs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".