Neuropeptide Y Inhibits the Biosynthesis of Sulfated Neurosteroids in the Hypothalamus through Activation of Y<sub>1</sub>Receptors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have recently shown that hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (HST), the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of pregnenolone sulfate (Delta(5)PS) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), is expressed in neurons located in the anterior preoptic area and the dorsal magnocellular nucleus of the frog diencephalon. As these two nuclei are richly innervated by NPY-immunoreactive fibers, we investigated the possible implication of NPY in the control of Delta(5)PS and DHEAS biosynthesis. Double labeling of frog brain sections revealed that 42% of the HST-immunoreactive perikarya in the diencephalon were contacted by NPY-containing fibers. In situ hybridization studies showed that Y(1) and Y(5) receptor mRNAs are expressed in the anterior preoptic area and the dorsal magnocellular nucleus. Pulse-chase experiments with (35)S-labeled 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate as a sulfate donor demonstrated that frog NPY (fNPY) inhibited the conversion of [(3)H]Delta(5)P and [(3)H]dehydroepiandrosterone ([(3)H]DHEA) into [(3)H,(35)S]Delta(5)PS and [(3)H,(35)S]DHEAS by diencephalic explants. The inhibitory effect of fNPY on Delta(5)PS and DHEAS formation was mimicked by (pPYY) and [Leu(31),Pro(34)]pNPY, which is an agonist for non-Y(2) receptors in mammals, and was completely suppressed by the Y(1) receptor antagonist BIBP3226. Conversely, the Y(2) receptor agonist pNPY-(13-36) and the Y(5) receptor agonist [D-Trp(32)]pNPY did not significantly modify the biosynthesis of [(3)H,(35)S]Delta(5)PS and [(3)H,(35)S]DHEAS. The present study provides the first evidence for the innervation of neurosteroid-producing neurons by NPY fibers. Our data also demonstrate that NPY, acting via Y(1) receptors, exerts an inhibitory effect on the biosynthesis of sulfated neurosteroids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".