Dynamics of vitamin A in grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>) mothers and pups throughout lactation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vitamin A concentrations were measured in milk and serum of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mothers and in the serum of their pups sampled 26 times between parturition and weaning on the Isle of May, Scotland, in 1998 and 2000. Changes in serum vitamin A concentration were also followed in pups during the postweaning fast. During their 18-day lactation period, fasting mothers produced a milk very rich in vitamin A. Concentrations of 6.3 ± 1.6 and 10.1 ± 4.5 mg/kg (mean ± SD) were measured in colostrum (day 0) and in milk at late lactation ([Formula: see text]11 days), respectively. Surprisingly, the vitamin A concentration increased at late lactation, even when it was expressed per unit of milk lipids. The vitamin A concentration in mothers' serum was 329 ± 65 μg/L at day 0. The concentration dropped at day 3 (228 ± 21 μg/L serum), but increased to 400 ± 121 μg/L serum at late lactation. At birth, the serum vitamin A concentration of pups (111 ± 5 μg/L) was much lower than that of their mothers, revealing limited placental transfer. The vitamin A concentration in pup serum then increased throughout lactation to 499 ± 96 μg/L at the end of the nursing period. At that time, the pups' serum was more concentrated than the mothers' serum, reflecting the great vitamin A ingestion. After weaning, serum vitamin A concentrations of pups dropped over several days and then stabilized at 336 ± 45 μg/L.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".