Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reviewed by: Mennonite Women in Canada: A History Lara Campbell Mennonite Women in Canada: A History. Marlene Epp. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2008. Pp. 408, $24.95 paper Marlene Epp opens her history of Mennonite women in Canada with a story about viewing an art exhibit on Old Order women in Ontario. The stereotypical Mennonite woman depicted by such images – she of bonnet, quilt, and horse and buggy – is challenged by Epp's exceptional book, which examines the lives of Mennonite women through a history of migration and settlement, household formation and family life, formal and informal labour, and religious faith. In a thorough and sensitive analysis of Mennonite women's lives, Epp argues that Mennonite women and communities are diverse in ethnicity, culture, [End Page 134] and religious practice, and that this diversity is shaped by constant migration and resettlement and a community understanding rooted in diaspora (25–6). Epp also argues for the importance of taking seriously the value of faith and religion in women's history. Refusing to 'shy away from' (8) attending to religious structures and experiences allows her to develop a sustained analysis of institutions that were deeply important at the level of identity formation and community life. But Epp also challenges religious historians to take seriously the ways in which theology and religious precepts were gendered, arguing that key beliefs in the Mennonite faith, such as separation from the world, submission, and non-resistance, acted upon female bodies in ways fundamentally different from men's bodies. Epp traces the prescribed roles of Mennonite womanhood as well as their lived reality, carefully tracing the delicate line walked by women as they grappled with contradictory theological traditions. A literal reading of scriptures led to a theology of female subordination, which was reflected in dictates on plain dress, head covering, and silence in church. Conversely, the Anabaptist theological tradition of spiritual equality between men and women in Christ created the possibility for women to increase their spiritual authority in the church. These two themes of oppression and empowerment played out in complicated, messy, and ambiguous ways in Mennonite women's lives. Some women embraced principles of submission, even publicly praising the value of submission to men. Others, while embracing the Mennonite faith, protested against restrictive clothing dictates (and the double standard that allowed men more flexibility in dress) or vocally demanded opportunities to vote and lead in the church. And while the emphasis on women's responsibility for children and family could restrict individual opportunities, many women were able to bring 'beauty to the mundane' (229), and their cooking, quilting, rug hooking, and embroidery expressed personal creativity as well as commitment to the skills of homemaking. Epp brings 'insider status' (xi) to the project, but she never assumes that she automatically understands the lives of her historical subjects, many of whom, by virtue of ethnicity, class, or culture, remain as 'strangers' to her (xi). The use of oral histories and occasionally her own memories and insights to supplement church records gives the book a richness that a straightforward denominational history would not have had. As with any good book, Epp's work points to future research and raises some interesting and provocative questions that cross national boundaries. In just one example, Epp hints that authoritarian, separatist, and biblically literalist communities are more 'prone' to domestic [End Page 135] violence (116), which suggests that comparative work across religious belief systems might help scholars understand the interaction among gender, religion, cultural patterns, patriarchy, and violence. And while the focus of this book is on women, her work opens up the possibility of connections between religion and masculinity. For example, the role that wives of ministers played in family formation and church politics is fascinating, and the fact that it was rare for ministers to remain unmarried suggests that marriage and family were crucial to men's sense of self, to their ability to perform religious labour, and to their understanding of their relationship with God (127). In addition, given that wives of ministers had a certain prominence within Mennonite communities, I wonder about competition between women, the role of jealousy or envy, and the place of judgment and...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.021 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".