The relationship between anxiety disorders and physical disorders in the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although depression has clearly been shown to be associated with physical disorders, few studies have examined whether anxiety disorders are independently associated with medical conditions after adjusting for comorbid mental disorders. We examined the relationship between anxiety disorders and a wide range of physical disorders in a nationally representative sample. Data came from the National Comorbidity Survey (N=5,877, range=age 15-54 years, response rate=82.4%). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview [Kessler et al., 1998] was used to make DSM-III-R [American Psychiatric Association, 1987] mental disorder diagnoses. Physical disorders were assessed based on a list of several conditions shown to respondents. All analyses utilized multiple logistic regression to examine the relationship between past-year anxiety disorder diagnosis and past-year chronic physical disorder. Anxiety disorders were positively associated with physical disorders even after adjusting for mood disorders, substance-use disorders, and sociodemographics. Among respondents with one or more physical disorders, a comorbid anxiety disorder diagnosis was associated with an increased likelihood of disability even after adjusting for severity of pain, comorbid mood, and substance use disorders. Among specific anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic attacks, and agoraphobia were more likely to be associated with specific physical disorders than generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, or simple phobia. There is a strong and unique association between anxiety disorders and physical disorders. Clinically, the presence of an anxiety disorder among patients with physical disorders may confer a greater level of disability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".