Combined Numerical and Experimental Study on Drag Torque in a Wet Clutch
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of flow field on drag torque in a wet clutch was examined through a combined numerical and experimental study. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical simulations were carried out, and the drag torque was measured experimentally for a single wet clutch pack. Two-phase flow induced by aeration was visualized in the experiment. In the present drag torque test, the main section was consisted of two parallel circular plates. The plate with the frictional material was rotated. The frictional material was divided into some sections, and radial or circumferential grooves were made on the rotating disk. Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) was supplied from the axial center, and ejected into the surrounding open boundary. At low rotation speeds, it was found that the oil flow is of single-phase, and the drag torque is linearly proportional to the rotation speed since the shear stress on the clutch plate increased monotonically. In the single-flow regime, the slope of drag torque curve was controlled with the clearance between the clutch plates. The drag torque reached a peak value at a certain rotation speed, and it decreased gradually after the peak. These observed phenomena were due to the aeration from the inner gap on the disk, and the bubble volume fraction was directly related to the drag torque. The peak of drag torque was controlled by both the flow rate of supplied ATF and the arrangement of grooves on the frictional material. It also was found that the smooth ejection of ATF and the enhancement of aeration led to a reduction in the drag torque.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".