Electrochemical threshold conditions during electro-optical switching of ionic electrophoretic optical devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electro-optical modulation by electrophoresis of dye ions is a promising technique for applications such as electronic paper displays and nonmechanical beam steering devices. To achieve a sufficient response rate in these devices, the transition time between two different optical states can be decreased by increasing the magnitude of the voltage applied across the electrodes, but this also leads to irreversible and undesirable electrochemical reactions. An electron tunneling model has been developed to describe the electrochemical reaction and to better understand the conditions determining its onset. The model gives rise to three predictions that were subsequently confirmed experimentally: the magnitude of the applied surface charge density should determine the rate of electrochemical activity, the bulk concentration of ions in the solution should shift the threshold voltage at which electrochemical reactions occur, and the reaction rate should be substantially enhanced around nanometer-sized bumps on the electrode surface. Applying this new understanding, the transition time of a device incorporating porous zinc antimonate (ZnSb2O6) electrodes and a solution of Methylene Blue dye in methanol was reduced by a factor of approximately 20.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".