Simultaneous Determination of the Permeability of a Nafion Membrane to Formic Acid and Water
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The simultaneous diffusion of formic acid and water through Nafion was measured for four formic acid concentration differentials (1–17.5 M) and for two counter‐ions in the membrane (H + and Ba 2+ ). An iterative method based on Fick's law is presented to calculate the volumes and concentrations of the solutions as a function of time. Besides the initial conditions, the input parameters are two diffusion coefficients, one of formic acid and one of water, which were adjusted to fit the experimental data. Once the difference in liquid fraction between the two types of membranes is taken into account, the diffusion coefficient of formic acid through Nafion appears independent of the nature of the counter‐ion and the conductivity of the formic acid solution. The diffusion coefficient of water is 10 times higher than the formic acid diffusion coefficient and is systematically lower in membranes in the Ba 2+ form than in H + form.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it