A Search for Flux Density Variations in 24 Compact Radio Sources in M82
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report results of the most extensive and accurate monitoring yet undertaken for a supernova population in a starburst galaxy. The number of sources being monitored in M82's starburst nuclear region has been increased to 24, all of which now have detailed radio spectra. An improved calibration method was applied to 11 observation epochs at λ6 cm, beginning shortly after the VLA's inauguration in 1980, up to 1992 December. They show that about 25% of the sources have some degree of measurable variability over the 11.8 yr period. In contrast, approximately 75% were remarkably constant over the period between 1981 and 1993. The range of variability was from ~ -100% yr -1 to less than ~ 0.1% yr -1 . A small number of the sources have a degree of flux consistency that is, at least collectively, comparable with the best extragalactic radio source flux density calibrators for radio interferometers. The average luminosity decay over the above monitoring period of 41.9+58 has been determined to be 8.4% ± 0.1% yr -1 , with an excellent fit to an exponential decay form.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".