Model To Predict the Concentration of Ultradispersed Particles Immersed in Viscous Media Flowing through Horizontal Cylindrical Channels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An innovative way to upgrade heavy crude oils is the use of ultradispersed catalysts; however, an adequate mathematical expression that describes the mass transfer on this process is still missing. This paper studies the separation and suspension of ultradispersed particles based on their motion through diverse viscous media enclosed in horizontal cylindrical channels. A time-dependent, three-dimensional convective−dispersive model which simulates the transient deposition and suspension of these particles immersed in viscous media inside a horizontal cylinder was developed and solved. This model was also experimentally validated, and its results unveiled the particle and fluid media properties that are necessary to control particle deposition. The experiments were performed using Fe 2 O 3 particles (average sizes of 198 nm) immersed in water−glycerol mixtures with different densities and viscosities subject to different fluid velocities. The effect of the fluid medium properties, the initial particle concentration, and fluid velocity on the dispersion coefficient was also studied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".