Bibliographic record
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is in the genus Flavivirus, family Flavioiridae, and is closely related to other members of this genus: Japanese encephalitis virus in Southeast Asia, Murray Valley encephalitis virus in Australia, and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus in North and South America. The principal vertebrate hosts for these arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are wild birds, and the primary vectors are mosquitoes. Little clinical disease or mortality has been reported previously in wild birds from natural infection with these viruses, although significant morbidity and mortality has occurred in humans and domestic animals. West Nile virus (WNV) previously occurred throughout Africa, Middle East, Europe, and the western parts of Asia and was introduced into the United States in New York City (NYC) in 1999. It is still unknown how WNV entered the US, but it quickly became established, causing a human epidemic of 62 cases and an epizootic in the regional bird population, mostly in American crows. The WNV strain introduced was virulent for North American birds and caused significant mortality in crows and related species. This bird mortality was unusual for arboviruses but quickly became a useful sentinel for public health officials to detect the presence of WNV.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".