SIGNS OF BORING PREDATION ON MIDDLE DEVONIAN HYOLITHIDS FROM THE MICHIGAN BASIN
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A large number of specimens (∼500) of the hyolithid Hallotheca cf. aclis (Hall) were collected from the Middle Devonian Arkona Shale at Hungry Hollow, Ontario, Canada. This is an unusually large sample for Devonian hyolithids and only the second record of hyolithids from the Michigan Basin. Furthermore, the conchs of seven specimens are bored, and the holes are single, complete, circular in plan view, and with their long axes perpendicular to the walls of the conch. These traits and the fact that the holes are stereotyped with respect to the side of the conch—all occur on the venter—are consistent with a predatory origin of the holes. Although bored specimens represent only ∼1% of the sample, this record expands the taxonomic breadth of bored prey during the middle Paleozoic, a time previously recognized as characterized by intensification of predator-prey interactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".