Calcium and Vitamin Intakes and Colorectal Cancer—Results from a Large Population Based Case-Control Study in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ISEE-0618 Background and Objective: Epidemiologic studies have been inconclusive in demonstrating the protective effects of vitamin D and calcium intakes in relation to colorectal caner (CRC). The objective of this study is to examine such effects through a population based case-control study in Canada. Methods: We analyzed data from a population-based case-control study of more than 4,000 participants from two Canadian provinces (Ontario, ON and Newfoundland and Labrador, NL). Cases were pathologically confirmed new CRC patients aged 20–74 years during 1999–2003 (NL) and 1997–2006 (ON). Controls were a sex and age-group matched random sample of the population in each province. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D were derived from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Calcium and vitamin D were categorized into quartiles based on the distribution among the study population with lowest quartitle as referent group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between these factors and risk of CRC after adjusting for a set of potential confounding factors. Tests for trend were used to assess dose-response relationships. Results: Total dietary calcium and vitamin D intakes were significantly associated with lower CRC risk. However, these associations were statistically significant in women only with corresponding ORs of 0.49 (0.26–0.92) and 0.68 (0.49–0.94), respectively. Similar associations were also observed for calcium and vitamin from supplements. Stratified analyses suggest that the use of calcium and vitamin D supplements had greater protective effects for those with lower dietary intakes. Conclusion: Calcium and vitamin D intakes are associated with a reduced risk of CRC in NL population. Our study suggests that the beneficial effects of vitamin D and calcium in reducing CRC risk were more pronounced in women. Further research is warranted to explore the gender differences observed in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".