Performing movement sequences with knowledge of results under different visual conditions in adults with Down syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the learning of movement sequences in individuals with Down syndrome under different visual information conditions. 10 adults with Down syndrome and 14 neurologically typical adults performed a sequence of movements under two different visual information conditions: full visual feedback of the limb and environment and no visual feedback of the limb. Participants were given knowledge of results of their total movement time after each trial. The entire task was presented as a game and movement time information was given as a "score" after each trial. Participants were also given verbal encouragement throughout the task. As expected, individuals with Down syndrome had significantly slower reaction and movement times than neurologically typical participants. Interestingly, however, mean reaction and movement time was not affected by the visual condition, in either group. Participants with Down syndrome improved their performance over the presented trials, in both visual information conditions. These findings indicate that providing knowledge of results of movement performance can facilitate the performance and coordination of movement sequences even under conditions where visual information of the moving limb is restricted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".