Low Reynolds Number Open Channel Flows Over a Backward Facing Step
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low Reynolds number effects on turbulent flows over a backward facing step (BFS) in an open channel were investigated. The Reynolds numbers based on momentum thickness (θ) and step height (h) are in the range 590 ≤ Reθ ≤ 1950 and 950 ≤ Reh ≤ 2900, respectively. The Froude number based on the approach water depth and freestream velocity varied from 0.12 to 0.37. A particle image velocimetry technique was used to measure the velocity field. The flow patterns in the reattachment and redevelopment regions are qualitatively similar for all the three Reynolds numbers studied. The mean velocity profiles in outer coordinates do not exhibit significant Reynolds number effects downstream of the BFS. On the contrary, the turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stress do not show Reynolds number similarity. As expected, similarity with the upstream profile improves with increasing streamwise distance from the reattachment point. Data obtained in this study were also compared with previous measurements made over backward facing step in a closed channel to study free surface effects. The results showed that deviation of flow over BFS in open channel from flow over BFS in a closed channel is more significant in the immediate vicinity of the step.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".