Ground-Truth Estimation in Multispectral Representation Space: Application to Degraded Document Image Binarization
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human ground-truthing is the manual labelling of samples (pixels for example) to generate reference data without any automatic algorithm help. Although a manual ground-truth is more accurate than a machine ground-truth, it still suffers from mislabeling and/or judgement errors. In this paper we propose a new method of ground-truth estimation using multispectral (MS) imaging representation space for the sake of document image binarization. Starting from the initial manual ground-truth, the proposed classification method aims to select automatically some samples with correct labels (well-labeled pixels) from each class for the training phase, then reassign new labels to the document image pixels. The classification scheme is based on the cooperation of multiple classifiers under some constraints. A real data set of MS historical document images and their ground-truth is created to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method of ground-truth estimation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it