Gene Regulation at a Distance in the Epidermal Keratinocyte: The Paradigm of the PADI Gene Locus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Long-range cis elements are critical regulators of gene transcription, particularly for paralogous genes clustered on a unique chromosomal region. Such are the five PADI genes in 1p35 36 encoding peptidylarginine deiminases. These enzymes catalyze deimination, or citrullination, a calcium-dependent post-translational modification of proteins which has been implicated in gene regulation and in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The epidermis is an exciting model for understanding PADI gene regulation since only the genes PADI 1 3 are expressed in the epidermal keratinocytes, with increased expression levels in the most differentiated cells. Studies on PADI proximal promoters failed to explain such a specificity of expression. Here, we describe long-range regulatory elements identified as essential for the PADI3 specific expression in differentiated keratinocytes through the formation of a chromatin loop.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".