Karst geology and hydrogeology of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia: an overview
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Approximately 23% (2700 km2) of Cape Breton Island consists of a wide variety of glaciated bedrock (meta-carbonates, carbonates, and evaporites) that has the potential for karst development. An additional 1100 km2 of such strata have been inundated by post-glacial sea-level rise. There have been three main episodes of karstification. The Island represents a portion of the tectonically ancient, deep crustal, eroded terrain of the Appalachian Orogen, more recently influenced by the interplay of sea-level change, ice sheet stability, transient ice aquifers, climate change, and isostatic rebound. Lowland karst units are generally characterized by broad-scale, till-covered, thick evaporite sequences. Within this zone are solution trenches near basin boundaries, salt diapirs, and extensive foundering zones due to salt dissolution, which allowed development of karst breccias to depths exceeding 300 m. The presence of local salt springs suggests a process to move saline water up from depth through foundering breccias or hydraulically active faults. This may in part be responsible for submarine trenches developed to depths of –260 m. Mountain flanks incorporate hydraulically active faults, which have deformed evaporite and carbonate sequences along basin margins. The highlands display paleokarst features within marbles, covered with a thin, discontinuous glacial cover.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".