Design and Analysis of Saturated Ring Oscillators Based on the Random Mid-Point Voltage Concept
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As technology scales, a lower supply voltage means transistors in ring oscillators frequently switch between triode and saturation. A model based on random mid-point voltage is developed in this brief. It reduces the number of first-passage time calculations. For instance, when applied to a current-starved inverter delay cell, the number of calculations is reduced from 5 to 1. Moreover, when applied to a differential pair delay cell, new design insights develop. These insights result in improved phase noise (PN) via a combination of reduced input pair size and the addition of extra poly capacitance at the output. Measured PN on oscillators fabricated in 0.18-μm CMOS, which oscillate at 448 and 473 MHz, shows an improvement of 6 dBc/Hz. In both types of delay cells, the model agrees reasonably well with measurement results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".