Deactivation of Thermally Formed Ru/Ti Oxide Electrodes: An AC Impedance Characterization Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Freshly formed Ru/Ti oxide anodes, containing between 5 and 40 atom % Ru, have been examined for their Tafel behavior during chlorine evolution, as well as their cyclic voltammetric (CV) and ac impedance response at the open-circuit potential, in chlorine-free NaCl solutions. Also, 30 atom % Ru electrodes have been electrochemically deactivated, as seen by an increase in the anode potential and the Tafel slope for the chlorine evolution reaction during long-term electrolysis. A comparison of the data for the fresh and the deactivated anodes suggests that the deactivated anodes have similar electrochemical characteristics as freshly formed, low-Ru-content (ca. 5 atom %) oxide films. To understand this better, the experimentally obtained ac impedance data were compared to the calculated impedance, based on a porous film model in which a one-electron surface redox reaction occurs. While the fit is good at medium-to-high frequencies, the inclusion of a diffusion-controlled process for the low atom percent Ru films is required to achieve a good fit also at low frequencies. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that the deactivation of originally high atom percent Ru anodes is due to the depletion of Ru from the oxide film, causing its electrochemical behavior to become more similar to that of freshly formed low atom percent Ru oxide films. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".