Effect of dietary linseed oil and α-tocopherol on selected properties of pig fat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of linseed oil and α-tocopheryl acetate on the fatty acid composition, the susceptibility to oxidation of pig adipose tissue and the subcutaneous fat consistency was studied. Fifty female pigs were penned individually at approximately 25 kg and fed a conventional diet until 48.1 ± 3.5 kg. Pigs were then randomly assigned to one of five diets including: C, control (3% sunflower oil); L and LE (3% linseed oil) and LO and LOE (1.5% of linseed oil plus 1.5% of olive oil). LE and LOE had 200 mg α-tocopheryl acetate added per kilogram of diet whereas C, L and LO had 20 mg α-tocopheryl acetate added per kilogram of diet. Animals were slaughtered at 100.1 ± 7.1 kg. In the lard of the control diet animals the concentration of n-6 fatty acids rose markedly during the first 4 wk, and then stabilised. The concentrations of these fatty acids in the lard of L and LE group were not modified over time. In the lard of animals fed on LO and LOE diets, a moderate linear rise in the concentration of n-6 fatty acids was found. The addition of linseed oil to pig diets either as the only source of dietary fat or in combination with olive oil produced a higher (P < 0.0001) C18:3n–3 and total n-3 fatty acids concentration in adipose tissue lipids. The n6/n3 ratio was sharply reduced (from 9.88 in the control batch to at least 2.48) when pigs were fed diets enriched in linseed oil. It was concluded that the higher the dietary concentration of n-3 fatty acids the greater and faster the response of pig tissue. The α-tocopherol content of adipose tissue from pigs fed diets enriched with α-tocopheryl acetate (200 mg kg-1 feed) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) that those from pigs receiving a basal diet of 20 mg kg-1 feed. Adipose tissue from pigs fed diets enriched in C18:3n-3 showed higher susceptibility to oxidation than that from pigs fed diets containing high levels of C18:2n-6, but dietary supplementation with α-tocopheryl acetate markedly reduced the pig fat oxidation in groups fed diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids, eliminating the difference in the oxidative status between the two treatment groups. No effect of dietary treatment on lard rheological parameters (hardness, adhesiveness, springginess, gumminess and chewiness) of fat was observed. Conclusively, the diet enrichment in both linseed and α-tocopherol is a very effective approach to produce a healthier fat and to prevent the lipid oxidative deterioration. Key words: Pig, adipose tissue, linseed oil, fatty acid, α-tocopherol
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".