“GOD, OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT”: ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS'S CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALISM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phelps considers her engagement with spiritualism not as competing religious discourse but as a social spiritual movement through which she could reconsider her Christian world view. While Phelps rejected Calvinist doctrine, she identified herself as Christian to the end of her life, and the author argues that she drew from spiritualism the tools with which to build a reform platform and with which to renovate Christianity. Her continued preoccupation with supernatural phenomena might begin with her grandfather's recollections of his own poltergeist, but her repeated turnings to the spirit world offer both insight into cultural trends and avenues by which she engenders Christian reform. The author traces three trends in Phelps's spiritualist Christianity: those stories in which she explores the practices and manifestations of spiritualism, including seers, mediums, poltergeists and vengeful ghosts; the fiction in which she holds the veil between life and death firmly in place while she visits both sides of it; and, finally, those stories in which the only spirit manifestation is fully Christian.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".