Effectiveness of <i>Coniothyrium minitans</i> and <i>Trichoderma atroviride</i> in suppression of sclerotinia blossom blight of alfalfa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of the mycoparasites Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride on the suppression of alfalfa blossom blight caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were evaluated under indoor and field conditions. When T. atroviride (9·0 × 10 4 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10 3 ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (9·0 × 10 4 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10 3 ascospores/floret) were applied to detached young alfalfa florets, T. atroviride effectively inhibited saprophytic growth of S. sclerotiorum , whereas C. minitans showed no inhibition under the same conditions. When T. atroviride (6·9 × 10 4 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10 3 ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (6·9 × 10 4 conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10 3 ascospores/floret) was applied to young alfalfa petals in vivo just after pollination, the percentage of pod formation was higher for T. atroviride + S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans + S. sclerotiorum , and the percentage of pod rot was lower for T. atroviride + S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans + S. sclerotiorum . However, when they were applied to senescent petals attached to developing pods of alfalfa at 9·2 × 10 4 conidia/floret together with S. sclerotiorum at 4·5 × 10 3 ascospores/floret at 14 days after pollination, C. minitans was more effective than T. atroviride in suppressing sclerotinia pod rot and seed rot of alfalfa. Field experiments showed that three applications of C. minitans (5·4 × 10 6 conidia mL −1 ) or T. atroviride (5·4 × 10 6 conidia mL −1 ) at a 7‐day interval to blossoms of alfalfa effectively suppressed sclerotinia pod rot in two out of three annual trials. Coniothyrium minitans effectively suppressed sclerotinia seed rot in all three years, whereas T. atroviride was not effective against seed rot in any of the trial years. The efficacy of C. minitans was not significantly different ( P > 0·05) from benomyl (250 µ g ai mL −1 ). This study suggests that C. minitans has potential as a biocontrol agent to control blossom blight of alfalfa caused by S. sclerotiorum .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".