Bibliographic record
Abstract
On the basis of radiation transfer theory, Raymond Pierrehumbert (PHYSICS TODAY, January 2011, page 33) claims that as the ditch in emission spectra seen from space widens, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide renders Earth’s cooling less efficient. Across the ditch, emission by CO2 varies with the temperatures of the strata from which the emission occurs. As the concentration of CO2 increases, its emission to space takes place from progressively higher levels. Near the edge of the ditch, where the emission is from the troposphere, the levels become colder. However, across the 14.5- to 15.5-μm (650–690 cm−1) band they become warmer.From 1970 to 1997, CO2 increased by about half of its glacial–interglacial range. The clear-sky ditch became wider11. J. E. Harries, H. E. Brindley, P. J. Sagoo, R. J. Bantges, Nature 410 6826 355 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35066553 but also shallower,22. H. E. Brindley, R. P. Allan, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 129 594 2971 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.216 and Earth’s cooling became slightly more efficient. When the effects of clouds are included, the brightness temperature across the atmospheric window is some 30 °C colder than seen in Pierrehumbert’s figure 3a. Clouds partly obscure emissions by CO2 from the troposphere, rendering the widening of the ditch less important than the figure would suggest. Above broadband emitters colder than around –55 °C, the ditch becomes a dike33. J. T. Houghton, The Physics of Atmospheres Cambridge U. Press, New York (1977), fig. 12.3c. and CO2 cools rather than warms the planet. REFERENCESSection:ChooseTop of pageREFERENCES <<1. J. E. Harries, H. E. Brindley, P. J. Sagoo, R. J. Bantges, Nature 410 6826 355 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35066553 , Google ScholarCrossref, ISI2. H. E. Brindley, R. P. Allan, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 129 594 2971 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.216 , Google ScholarCrossref3. J. T. Houghton, The Physics of Atmospheres Cambridge U. Press, New York (1977), fig. 12.3c. Google Scholar© 2011 American Institute of Physics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".