Phase evolution in cholesterol/DPPC monolayers: atomic force microscopy and near field scanning optical microscopy studies
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and near field scanning optical microscopy has been used to study domain formation in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/cholesterol monolayers with cholesterol concentrations ranging from 0 to 50%. The results show a clear evolution from a mixture of liquid expanded and liquid condensed phases for cholesterol concentrations < 10% to a mixture of liquid expanded and two cholesterol-containing phases at intermediate concentrations, and finally to a single homogeneous liquid ordered phase for 33% cholesterol. Mixtures of the various phases are clearly identified by height differences in AFM and in some cases by fluorescence imaging for samples containing 0.5% BODIPY dye, which localizes preferentially in the more fluid phase. Note that fluorescence imaging, at least with the dye used here, is unable to distinguish between the cholesterol-rich and cholesterol-poor phases detected at intermediate cholesterol concentrations. The combination of fluorescence and AFM imaging provides a more complete picture of the phase evolution for cholesterol/DPPC monolayers than could be obtained by either technique alone, and presents substantial advantages over conventional fluorescence microscopy in that submicrometre-sized domains can be readily detected.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it