Vertical structure and transport on a transect across the North Atlantic Current near 42°N: Time series and mean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new method is presented for combining historical hydrography with the acoustic travel time measurements from an inverted echo sounder (IES) to obtain time series of full water column profiles of temperature T and specific volume anomaly. Hydrography is used to demonstrate that profiles constructed from the IES measurement account for more than 90% of the T and δ variance through the main thermocline range. Horizontal gradients between neighboring pairs of instruments, when combined with measurements from bottom pressure sensors and deep current meters, provide accurate estimates of absolute geostrophic velocity profiles. A section of IESs and current meters across the North Atlantic Current (NAC) along World Ocean Circulation Experiment line ACM6 near 42.5°N is analyzed using these methods, and the Eulerian mean temperature and absolute velocity sections are calculated. The mean transport for the combined NAC and northward flow within the inshore portion of the Mann Eddy is 146±13 (× 10 6 m 3 s −1 ). The temporal standard deviation of the northward transport is 41×10 6 m 3 s −1 , arising not only from changes in the transport of the NAC but also from lateral shifts of the currents and eddies captured by the fixed span of moorings. Assumption of a level of no motion at the bottom and at 2000 dbar underestimates the true absolute transport by 33 or 60%, respectively. Historical measurements indicate that 50–60×10 6 m 3 s −1 circulates within the Mann Eddy adjacent to the North Atlantic Current, thus 86–96×10 6 m 3 s −1 appears to be throughput at the ACM6 line. Because the throughput observed on the ACM6 line considerably exceeds the combined historical estimates of northward and eastward outflow from the Newfoundland Basin of ≈ 30×10 6 m 3 s −1 , these measurements suggest a substantial (≈ 50 × 10 6 m 3 s −1 ) recirculation or southward flow within the Newfoundland Basin in addition to the historical recirculation within the Mann Eddy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".