β-Lactoglobulin/Folic Acid Complexes: Formation, Characterization, and Biological Implication
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG), the major whey protein in bovine milk, binds to a wide range of compounds. Folic acid (FA) is a synthetic form of the B group vitamin known as folates, which are essential cofactors for a variety of physiological processes. The interaction of beta-LG with FA was studied using fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the FA binding constant and mode and the influence of the protein on FA photodegradation. At < or = 20 microM FA, which may be the critical self-association concentration, the binding constant and number are 2.0 (+/-0.6) x 10(6) M(-1) and 1.30 (+/-0.03) when excited at 280 nm and 4.3 (+/-2.2) x 10(5) M(-1) and 1.17 (+/-0.04) at 295 nm, as determined by protein intrinsic fluorescence. FA binds to the surface of beta-LG, possibly in the groove between the alpha-helix and the beta-barrel. Fluorescence analysis of the pterin portion of FA shows that complexation with beta-LG improves FA photostability. It is suggested that beta-LG complexes could be used as an effective carrier of FA in functional foods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".