Circular Calculus and Elliptical Realities: The Standardization of the Islamic Lunar Calendar in the United States, 1966–2006
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Looking at the most recent episode in the history of time standardization, this paper focuses on the immigrant American Muslim community's historically intricate transition from the phenomena-based Islamic lunar calendar formally instituted in 1976 toward a standardized calculation-based approach taken in 2006. Using the roles assumed by the Muslim community's two premier organizations during this period, the Muslim Students' Association and the Islamic Society of North America, I attempt to analyze the multiplicity of issues dealing with technology and modernity, cultural unity and diversity, and assimilation. While this paper tracks the community building efforts of America's most diverse religious cohort through an integrated exposition of technology, politics, religion and society, it fundamentally reveals a distinct shift to a modernist epistemology of railroad time based on uniformity and science.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".