First report of <i>Botryosphaeria obtusa</i> causing fruit rot of quince ( <i>Cydonia oblonga</i> ) in Spain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In autumn 2005, a severe fruit rot of quince (Cydonia oblonga) was investigated in commercial orchards in Córdoba province (southern Spain). Incidence of fruit rot (1–5%) was lower than that observed by farmers in previous years, which had more humid springs than in 2005. Affected fruits showed a soft rot that evolved rapidly covering the entire fruit surface and causing mummification. A fungal stroma developed on the fruit surface but no spores, conidiomata or ascomata were observed. Some mummified fruits dropped prematurely, although most of them remained attached. No symptoms were observed on leaves or branches of affected trees. The fungus consistently isolated from affected fruits was identified as Sphaeropsis malorum or Diplodia spp., the anamorph of Botryosphaeria obtusa, based on morphological characters (Phillips, 2006). Detached fruits from healthy field trees of C. oblonga were cleaned with dry paper, surface sterilised with sodium hypochlorite and inoculated by placing one drop (10 µL) of aqueous conidial suspension (2·5 × 105 conidia mL−1) on the peduncular area. All inoculated and control fruits were treated with one drop of water. The fruits were incubated in a growth chamber at 100% RH and 23–24°C for 14 days, and then in another growth chamber at the same temperature and 40–50% RH until fruit mummification. After 7 days, a firm and general rot starting in the peduncular area developed on all inoculated fruits but not on non-inoculated controls. Fruits rots and mummifications were similar to that observed in naturally infected trees in the field. The anamorph of B. obtusa was reisolated from lesions of all infected fruits but not from control fruits. Botryosphaeria obtusa has a worldwide distribution and affects numerous plant species. In fruit trees, it causes fruit rot, leaf spot and canker, but only the fruit rot phase was observed in our work. It has been cited as pathogen of C. oblonga in Canada, Greece, New Zealand, Australia, USA and South Africa (Farr et al., 2005), but this is the first report of this pathogen causing fruit rot on quince in Spain. The authors would like to thank Ms. Paqui Luque for her excellent technical assistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".