Behavioral in-air audiogram of two Arctic fox (<i>Alopex lagopus</i>) at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aerial audiograms of two captive adult, male Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) were measured using a two-alternative, forced-choice paradigm and descending staircase method of signal presentation at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. Both fox displayed a typical mammalian U-shaped audiometric curve, with a functional hearing range of 125 Hz to 16 kHz (sensitivity < 60 dB re: 20 μPa) and average peak sensitivity of 22 dB re: 20 μPa at 4 kHz. This range is similar to airborne hearing thresholds previously measured for two closely related species, the kit fox (Vulpes marotis) and the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). There was little variability around threshold and no significant difference between the hearing curves of the two fox. The peak sensitivities of the Arctic fox overlaps their vocal range, the vocal range of their prey; field voles (Microtus agrestis), collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus), Canada geese (Branta canadensis), and the hearing range of a predator; the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). Ambient noise levels were monitored and test frequencies below 5 kHz were possibly masked. Potential response bias was examined using Receiver Operator Characteristic analysis and had a conservative bias. Masking effects and conservative response bias may have resulted in slightly underestimated hearing curves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".