Men Supplemented with 17b-Estardiol have Increased Skeletal Muscle Protein Content for b-Oxidation Enzymes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During endurance exercise women have lower carbohydrate and higher lipid oxidation compared with men. Supplementation of humans and rodents with 17b-estradiol (E2) lowers the respiratory exchange ratio, glucose rate of appearance and disappearance, and metabolic clearance rate. The mechanism(s) for the observed estrogen effects in substrate utilization remains to be determined. PURPOSE: To determine if estrogen would increase the mRNA and protein content for genes involved in the regulation of b-oxidation. METHODS: Ten moderately active men were supplemented with placebo or E2 for 8 days in a randomized double-blind cross-over design. Following supplementation muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis and examined for differences in mRNA, microRNA and protein content of genes involved in lipid oxidation. RESULTS: E2 increased the protein abundance of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 35% (P<0.05), and tri-functional protein alpha 30% (P=0.08). PGC-1a mRNA was significantly higher after E2 supplementation (29%, P<0.05), and microRNA 103 and 29b (predicted to regulate PGC1a) were significantly lower (37% and 66% respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: E2 regulates lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle by altering RNA and proteins involved in mitochondrial b-oxidation. This work was Supported by NSERC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".