Hosts feeding only Brown-headed Cowbird fledglings: where are the host fledglings?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) impose costs on their hosts, usually resulting in fewer or no host young being raised. In 95% of the studies where attempts were made to estimate the cost of parasitism, cost was measured as the difference in host nestling survival in parasitized and unparasitized nests. For hosts that fledge at least some of their own young along with cowbirds, the magnitude of further brood reduction beyond the nestling stage is not known. To examine the possibility that further brood reduction occurs during the fledgling stage, we compiled 102 observations of 45 species feeding fledgling cowbirds. In 97 cases, observers did not record hosts feeding their own young, suggesting that many young die shortly after fledging from parasitized nests. These observations suggest that measuring the cost of parasitism as the difference between the number of host young fledged from parasitized and unparasitized nests probably overestimates the reproductive output of many hosts. If costs increase during the fledgling stage, then the costs of brood parasitism have been underestimated in many studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".