The biosorption of Safranine onto Parthenium hysterophorus L: Equilibrium and kinetics investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effectiveness of adsorption for dye removal from wastewater has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of Safranine onto Parthenium hysterophorus L (congress grass) (CG) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dye onto CG were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and Freundlich model. Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 40 min. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum adsorption capacity of Safranine onto CG was found to be 89.3 mg/g at 400 mg/l of dye concentration. The equilibrium data satisfied Langmuir isotherm better than Freundlich isotherm. The rate constants were evaluated for initial dye concentration and adsorbent doses. The experimental data fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".