Root-Induced Cycling of Lead in Salt Marsh Sediments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A gold-mercury amalgam microelectrode was used in situ to measure Pb(II) by anodic stripping voltammetry and O2, Fe(II), Mn(II), and HS- by square-wave voltammetry in sediment pore water in a Haliomione portulacoides stand in a Tagus estuary salt marsh. The measurements were made in spring, summer, and fall, and were supplemented with analysis of Pb in solid phases and stable isotope analysis of Pb. In spring, the pore water was anoxic, Fe(II) reached concentrations as high as 1700 micromol/L, and Pb(II) was undetectable (<0.1 micromol/L). However, in summer, the pore water was oxic, Fe(II) was undetectable, and Pb(II) was present throughout the 20 cm deep root zone in concentrations reaching 6 micromol/L. In fall, low levels of O2 and Pb(II) were detected in the upper half of the root zone, and low concentrations of Fe(II) were detected in the lower half. The annual cycle of Pb is controlled by the growth and decay of roots. Roots deliver oxygen, which oxidizes lead-bearing solid phases and releases Pb(II) to the sediment pore water. Iron oxides, which form in the rhizosphere when Fe(II) is oxidized, are apparently not efficient sorbents for Pb(II) under the organic-rich conditions in this sediment. This allows Pb(II) to remain soluble and available for uptake by the roots. In fall and winter,when roots decay and the oxygen flux to the sediment stops, Pb is released from the decaying roots and returned to and precipitated in the anoxic sediment, likely as a sulfide. On an annual basis more than 20% of the total mass of Pb in the root zone cycles between root tissue and inorganic sediment phases. Depending on location, anthropogenic Pb constitutes 30-90% of total Pb in Tagus Estuary salt marshes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".