Mechanics of Dynamic Ice Failure Against Vertical Structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice interaction with vertical faces of structures can result in regular vibrations given certain conditions such as temperature and speed of interaction. The mechanism that can provide this regular behaviour is studied. Fracture in general does not offer a solution in compressive failure. An approach based on viscoelastic theory, with softening resulting from microstructural change, is given. The pivotal observation was a layer of microstructurally modified ice adjacent to the structure or indentor, together with high local pressures transmitted into the layer. The microstructural changes include microfracturing and recrystallization. A series of triaxial tests was performed to determine the inputs into the viscoelastic theory. The theory recognizes changes in the microstructure of the ice by means of a state variable, which is a function of prior stress history, and therefore of location within the ice mass. The theory and the calibration thereof are reviewed, and the results of triaxial tests examined. One feature of these tests is the occurrence of “runaway” strains and associated localization of damage. This appears to be sensitive to confining pressure, and is considered to be a key factor in the rapid load drops observed in ice-structure interaction. Temperature effects are also studied. Directions for future research are identified.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".