An In Situ Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Study of Sodium Insertion into a Nanoporous Carbon Anode Material within an Operating Electrochemical Cell
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
An electrochemical cell with beryllium X‐ray windows has been designed and used for in situ small‐angle X‐ray‐scattering studies of operating electrodes for the first time. This cell is ideally suited to the study of the filling of nanoscopic pores in solids by electrochemically transported atoms. The mechanism of electrochemical lithium and sodium insertion in nanoporous carbonaceous materials has been the subject of some recent controversy, which is resolved by the studies reported here. We show indisputable evidence that the filling of the pores accounts for all the sodium (and lithium) inserted into these carbons at a chemical potential near that of metallic sodium (or lithium). At lower chemical potential (higher cell voltage), sodium (or lithium) is inserted between graphene layers in an intercalation mechanism. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it