Income Inequality and Health Trajectories from Mid-Life to Later Life: Are Canadian and American Differences Widening?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: It is well known that policies and welfare regimes differentially affect the aging process, health trajectories over the life course, and indeed life expectancy. Growing income inequalities are also understood to have health and well-being implications. The focus in this paper is on the effects of growing income inequalities on the health and well-being of those in mid-life as they age in two neighbouring countries, Canada and the United States. The authors rely on a comparative multi-method approach informed by a life course perspective. Placing the trajectories of synthetic cohorts in the two countries in the contexts of contrasting welfare policy regimes, the authors examine the relative effects of growing income inequalities on well-being as people move into their later years. By juxtaposing the effects of long-term policies and growing income inequalities with the life course process of aging, the authors can hypothesize what the health and well-being prospects may be for those who will soon be in their older years in the two countries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".