Ultrastructural changes in gill chloride cells during smoltification in wild and hatchery-reared masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrastructural changes in gill chloride cells during smoltification were examined in wild and hatchery-reared masu salmon. On the filament, two types of chloride cells (α and β) and accessory cells were observed in wild fish from January (parr) to May (full-smolt), while only α and accessory cells (α-a cells) were observed in hatchery-reared fish from March (pre-smolt) to May (full-smolt). Among α-a cells of both types of fish, development of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus was detected in pre-smolt before full-smolt. However, ultrastructural changes were not revealed in β cells of wild fish during smoltification. During smoltification, the α-a cell number increased and β cell number decreased. On the lamella, only one type of chloride cell was observed in both wild and hatchery-reared fish during smoltification. Their ultrastructural changes were almost the same as those in filament α-a cells, and their number declined during smoltification. Although there was almost no difference between changes in ultrastructure or in the number of chloride cells in both wild and hatchery-reared fish during smoltification, the chloride cell number of hatchery-reared fish varied widely in comparison to that in wild fish. The present study is the first report for wild salmonids of ultrastructural changes in gill chloride cells during smoltification, and indicated that there were some ultrastructural differences between gill chloride cells of wild masu salmon and hatchery-reared fish.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it