Safety Considerations for Air Injection into Light Oil Reservoirs
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the injection and production streams of any high pressure air injection (HPAI) project or the high oxygen partial pressures associated with enriched air/oxygen injection projects may create serious safety concerns such as potential of explosion or corrosion. Compilation of field problems and reported solutions from such projects indicate that no insurmountable problems exist in the implementation of high pressure air injection projects. Generally, the operators have successfully implemented safe operations when injecting at pressures as high as 6,000 psi. The long term successes of the HPAI projects in the Williston Basin which were initiated in 1978 by Koch Industries, Inc. and continue to be operated today by Continental Resources, Inc. have confirmed that HPAI is a viable and safe process for recovering light oils. A number of oilfield oxygen injection programs have also been undertaken since the early 1980's when Greenwich Oil operated the first oxygen injection project at Forest Hills, Texas. In Canada during the 1980's, oxygen was injected by BP/AOSTRA at Marguerite Lake, by Dome Petroleum at Lindberg, by Husky Energy at Golden Lake, by Mobil Oil at Fosterton, and by Gulf Canada at Pelican. In the U.S. oxygen injection pilots were operated by ARCO in the Holt Sand Unit, Texas and more recently by NiMin Energy at Pleito Creek, California. With increased oxygen partial pressure, there is a greater chance of safety or corrosion problems. In fact, the high oxygen content associated with the Holt Sand Unit project in West Texas caused a severe energy release that resulted in test termination. The reported data on this field are scarce and the nature of energy release has not been discussed in detail. This paper will first discuss some important details on the Holt Sand Unit (HSU) oxygen injection pilot and, then, will provide an overview of the key learnings from this project. The reasons behind the energy release in the HSU project will be discussed using the surveillance data, combustion tube test and numerical modeling results. Operational aspects during and after the test termination will be discussed. This information should provide a better understanding of the safety aspects of oxygen handling and proper practices in such operations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it